(Photo illustration by The Bulwark / Photos: Getty) We must address political violence again. As Charles Dickens wrote, the horrors of the French Revolution—symbolized by the guillotine—were not justified but became inevitable due to a dysfunctional and disordered society.

Dickens described the origins of the French Revolution, viewing the guillotine as an abomination. Yet he acknowledged that French society had deteriorated to such an extent that this horror was unavoidable. He wrote:

"All the devouring and insatiate Monsters imagined since imagination could record itself, are fused in the one realisation, Guillotine. And yet there is not in France, with its rich variety of soil and climate, a blade, a leaf, a root, a sprig, a peppercorn, which will grow to maturity under conditions more certain than those that have produced this horror."

This passage remains a powerful reflection on how extreme societal breakdown can lead to violence, even when such outcomes are morally indefensible.